FROM PROBLEMATIC CONTENT TO MANIPULATIVE BEHAVIOUR

Abstract

On November 19, 2025, Siim Kumpas presented, Shifting the Perception: From Problematic Content to Manipulative Behaviour, at the 2025 West Coast Security Conference, followed by a question-and-answer period with audience members and CASIS Vancouver executives. The session examined the evolving nature of Foreign Information Manipulation and Interference (FIMI), the structural architecture underpinning such operations, and the European Union’s policy and operational responses led by the European External Action Service (EEAS).