Mots-clés
Strategy
War
Defence Policy
Comment citer
Résumé
Canada is known for its close relations with the United States in the domains of economic affairs, defence and international diplomacy. This arrangement, however, was a product of the great changes brought about by the Second World War. The combination of British decline, Ottawa’s desire to achieve full independence from London, and the looming Soviet threat during the Cold War created a political environment in which Canada had to become closely integrated with the United States both militarily and economically. Canada did so to ensure its survival in the international system. With the exception of a few controversial issues like US involvement in Vietnam (1955) and Iraq (2003) as well as Ballistic Missile Defence (BMD), Ottawa has been Washington’s closest ally since 1945. On numerous occasions like the Korean War, the Cuban Missile Crisis, and as recently as the War in Afghanistan and the War Against IS (Islamic State), Canada had provided staunch military and diplomatic support to Washington in its engagements around the globe.
Références
Annual Report to Congress. (2017). Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China 2017. Washington D.C: Office of the Secretary of Defense.
Barry, D., & Bratt, D. (2008). Defense Against Help: Explaining Canada-U.S. Security Relations. American Review of Canadian Studies, 38(1), 63-89.
BBC News. (2017, June 08). Canada to increase its military spending by 73%. Retrieved November 22, 2017, from http://www.bbc.com/news/world-uscanada-40195246
Beckhusen, R. (2016, July 23). The World's Best Aircraft-Killer Missile is Now in Service (And Its Not American). The National Interest. Retrieved November 22, 2017, from http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/theworlds-best-aircraft-killer-missile-now-service-its-not-17100
Braw, E. (2017, May 22). Germany Is Quietly Building a European Army Under Its Command. Foreign Policy. Retrieved November 13, 2017, from http://foreignpolicy.com /2017/05/22/germany-is-quietly-building-aeuropean-army-under-its-command/
Chan, M. (2016, April 28). China, Russia ramping up tests of hypersonic gliders to counter new US strategy: analysts. South China Morning Post. Retrieved November 17, 2017, from http://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacydefence/article/1939580/china-russia-ramping-tests-hypersonic-gliderscounter
Chapnick, A. (2007). "Taking Sides: The Myth of Canadian Neutrality in World Affairs. Canadian Military Journal, 69-72.
Cook, L. (2017). EU countries sign 'historic' defence pact with aim of reducing dependence on United States. National Post. Retrieved November 13, 2017, from http://nationalpost. com/news/world/eu-launches-new-erain-defenceco-operation.
Cox, R. W. (2005). A Canadian Dilemma: The United States or the World. International Journal, 60(3), 667-684.
Etzioni, A. (2013). Who Authorized Preparations from War with China?". Yale Journal of International Affairs, 4(19), 37-51.
Eurofighter Typhoon. (n.d.). Eurofighter Typhoon The Aircraft. Retrieved November 22, 2017 from https://www.eurofighter.com/the-aircraft.
European Commission. (n.d.). Imports and Secure Supplies. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/imports-and-secure-supplies
European Commission. (2017, September 21). Canada. Retrieved November 10, 2017, from http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-andregions/countries/canada/
Eurostat. (2017, October 04). Share of Member States in EU GDP. Retrieved November 09, 2017, from http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/productseurostat-news/-/DDN-20170410-1
FAS Military Analysis Network. (2016, November 01). Typhoon EF-2000 Eurofighter. Retrieved November 22, 2017, from https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ac/row/ eurofighter.html
FAS Military Analysis Network. (2016, November 02). F/A-18 Hornet. Retrieved November 22, 2017, from https://fas.org/man/dod101/sys/ac/f-18.htm
Gady, F. (2015, August 25). Should the Pentagon Fear China's Newest Weapon?. The Diplomat. Retrieved November 16, 2017, from https://thediplomat.com/2015/08/should-the-pentagon-fear-chinasnewest-weapon/
Gallis, P. E. (1987). The NATO Allies and the Persian Gulf. In C. Coker (Ed.), The United States, Western Europe and Military Intervention Overseas (pp. 37-60). London: The MacMillan Press LTD.
Gortney, B. (2017, October 05). I was a U.S. ‘Hornet Admiral’-and I’m worried about Canada’s air force capability. National Post. Retrieved November 21, 2017, from http://nationalpost.com/opinion/im-a-retired-u-s-naval-aviator-im-concerned-about-governments-delay-in-ensuring-rcaf-capability.
Government of Canada, National Defence. (2013, November 07). The 1st Canadian Division. Retrieved November 22, 2017 from, http://www.forces.gc.ca/en/news/article .page?doc=the-1st-canadiandivision%2Fhnps1uiw.
Gurney, M. (2016, January 12). What does a ‘leaner’ military mean, exactly?. National Post. Retrieved November 22, 2017 from http://nationalpost.com/opinion/matt-gurney-what-does-a-leanermilitary-mean-exactly
Hillier, R. (2010) A Soldier First: Bullets, Bureaucrats and the Politics of War. Toronto: HarperCollins.
Holmes, J. W. (1963). Canadian External Policies since 1945. International Journal, 18(2), 137-47.
Ignatieff, M. (2006). Empire lite: Nation-Building in Bosnia, Kosovo and Afghanistan. Toronto: Penguin Canada.
Kaplan, R. D. (2013). The Revenge of Geography: What the Map Tells Us About Coming Conflicts and the Battle Against Fate. New York, NY: Random House Trade Paperbacks.
Kissinger, H. (2015). World Order. New York, NY: Penguin Books.
Kristensen, H. M., & Robert S. N. (2016, December, 14). United States Nuclear Forces 2017. Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, 73(1), 48-57.
Layne, C. (2012). This Time It’s Real: The End of Unipolarity and the Pax Americana. International Studies Quarterly, 56(1), 203-13.
Layne, C. (2012, April 26). The End of Pax Americana: How Western Decline Became Inevitable. The Atlantic. Retrieved November 06, 2017, from https://www.theatlantic .com/international/archive/2012/04/the-end-ofpax-americana-how-western-decline-became-inevitable/256388/
Lin, J., & Singer, P.W. (2017, April 18). A look at China's most exciting hypersonic aerospace programs. Popular Science. Retrieved November 17, 2017, from https://www.popsci. com/chinashypersonic-technology
Majumdar, D. (2016, February 22). On the Brink: When Russia Would Use Tactical Nukes on NATO. The National Interest. Retrieved November 17, 2017, from http:// nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/the-brinkwhen-russia-would-use-tactical-nukes-nato-15281.
Martin, L. (n.d.).Aegis Combat System. Retrieved November 22, 2017, from https://www. lockheedmartin.com/us/products/aegis/evolutionarydesign.html#iamd
Martin, L. (2016, May 12). Aegis Ashore Certified: Navy Base Protecting Southern Europe from Missile Threats. Retrieved November 4, 2017, from https://www.lockheedmartin.com/us /news/pressreleases/2016/may/160512-mst-aegis-ashore-certified-navy-baseprotecting-southern-europe-from-missile-threats.html
Mckercher, A., & Sarson, L. (2016). Dollars and sense? The Harper government, economic diplomacy, and Canadian foreign policy. International Journal: Canadas Journal of Global Policy Analysis, 71(3), 351-70.
Mearsheimer, J. J. (2014). The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
Mearsheimer, J. J. (2017, October). Why the Ukraine Crisis Is the West’s Fault. Foreign Affairs. Retrieved November 4, 2017, from https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/russia-fsu/2014-08-18/whyukraine-crisis-west-s-fault
Mearsheimer, J. J., & Walt, S. M. (2017, October 31). The Case for Offshore Balancing. Foreign Affairs. Retrieved October 31, 2017, from https://www.foreignaffairs.com/ articles/united-states/2016-0613/case-offshore-balancing
National Defence and the Canadian Armed Forces. (2014, March 14). Reports on Plans and Priorities 2013-14. Retrieved November 22, 2017, from http://www.forces.gc.ca /en/about-reports-pubs-report-planpriorities/2013-other-reserve-force.page
National Post. (2015, January 25). JFK secretly sent electoral agents into Canada to help elect the Liberals. Retrieved November 08, 2017, from http://nationalpost.com/news/politics/ what-did-john-f-kennedy-dofor-the-history-of-canada-plenty-experts-say
New York Times. (1992, March 18). Excerpts from Pentagon's Plan: 'Prevent the Re-Emergence of a New Rival'. Retrieved October 31, 2017, from http://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/08/ world/excerpts-from-pentagon-s-plan-prevent-the-re-emergence-of-a-new-rival.html ?pagewanted=all
North America. (2017). In The Military Balance (Vol. 117, Series 1) (pp. 2962). London: International Institute for Strategic Studies.
Nossal, K. R. (2016). An “Astrategic” Power: Canada, China, and Great Power Transitions. In J. G. Fergusson & J. F.
Furtado (Ed.), Beyond Afghanistan : an International Security Agenda for Canada (pp.15161). Vancouver: UBC Press.
Oltermann, P. (2017, January 16). Europe’s fate is in our hands: Angela Merkels defiant reply to Trump. The Guardian. Retrieved November 13, 2017, from https://www.theguardian. com/us-news/2017/jan/16/europesfate-is-in-our-hands-angela-merkels-defiant-reply-to-trump.
Panetta, A. (2017, March 09). Canadian MPs in Washington hear the call for more money spent on defence. CBC News. Retrieved November 07, 2017, http://www.cbc.ca/news/ politics/canada-defence-spendingwashington-1.4016980
Pasandideh, S. (2014, April 23). Beyond the Numbers: Bean Counting and the Russia-NATO Balance of Power. NATO Association of Canada. Retrieved November 17, 2017, from http://natoassociation. ca/beyond-the-numbers-bean-counting-and-the-russia-nato-balanceof-power/
Raytheon. (2017, October 23). Standard Missile-2. Raytheon. Retrieved November 21, 2017, from https://www.raytheon.com/capabilities/products/sm-2/
Ross, D. A. (2011). NATO in Canadian Foreign Policy: From ‘Atlanticist’ fear and hope to a future of environmental crisis and ‘civilizational rallying’?. In D. Bratt., & C. Kukucha (Ed.). Readings in Canadian Foreign Policy (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
Ross, D. A. (2015). Canadian International Security Policy in the 21st Century: Closing the Book on the Sutherland Era? Not at All. In D. Bratt., & C. Kukucha (Ed.). Readings in Canadian Foreign Policy Classic Debates & New Ideas, (3rd ed.) (pp.326-343). Toronto: Oxford University Press.
Ross, D. A. (2017, September 28). Theoretical Approach to Canadian Foreign Policy. POL 347 Canadian Foreign Policy. Lecture presented at the POL 347 Canadian Foreign Policy.
Sputnik News. (2016, August 06). Tu-160M2 Supersonic Strategic Bomber: 'Practically a New Plane Under the Hood'. Retrieved November 05, 2017 from https://sputniknews.com /military/201608061044005165tu160m2-strategic-bomber-new-plane/
Standing, G. (2016). The Precariat: The New Dangerous Class. London: Bloomsbury Publishing PLC.
Sterling, J. (2017, August 10). US destroyer in South China Sea called 'provocation' by Beijing. CNN. Retrieved November 06, 2017, from http://www.cnn.com/2017/08/10/ politics/china-us-maritimedispute/index.html
Sutherland, R. J. (1962). Canada's Long Term Strategic Situation. International Journal, 17(3), 199-223.
The United States of America. The White House. (2002). The national security strategy of the United States of America. Washington: President of the U.S.
The World Bank. (n.d.). European Union Data. Retrieved November 10, 2017, from https://data.worldbank.org/region/european-union
Tierney, D. (2016, April 15). The Legacy of Obama's 'Worst Mistake'. The Atlantic. Retrieved November 13, 2017, from https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2016/04/ obamasworst-mistake-libya/478461/
United States. The Embassy of the United States of America. (2014). U.S. – Canada Economic Relations. Ottawa: Embassy of the United States of America.
Vieira, P. (2011, March 21). WTF: The federal budget and 50 years of Canadian debt. National Post. Retrieved October 30, 2017, from http://nationalpost.com/news/canada /canadian-politics/graphic-50years-of-canadian-debt/
Wagner, E. (2016, September 01). Last Canadian Destroyer HMCS Athabaskan to be Decommissioned in 2017. NATO Association of Canada. Retrieved November 21, 2017, from http://natoassociation.ca/lastcanadian-destroyer-hmcs-athabaskan-to-be-decommissioned-in2017/
Walley, C. J. (2017). Trump’s election and the “white working class”: What we missed. Journal of the American Ethnologist Society, 44(2), 231-36.
Whitaker, R. (1991). Prisoners of the American Dream: Canada, the Gulf, and the New World Order. Studies in Political Economy, 35(1), 13-27.
Cette œuvre est sous licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d'Utilisation Commerciale - Pas de Modification 4.0 International.